For my own reference

Just putting all the sectino IV study guide here for my own quick reference

Unit IV

* For all hormones mentioned below, study:

 Site of production

 Chemical structure (amino acid, protein, steroid)

 Target cells

 Type of receptors on the target cells

 Mechanism of action

 Effects on the target cells

 Regulation of production

It might be worthwhile to create a table with these categories and fill it out as you

prepare for class.

 Define the function of the endocrine system

 Compare endocrine vs. exocrine glands. What are the paracrine and autocrine

cells? Give examples of the glands that function exclusively in endocrine mode,

endocrine and exocrine modes, have endocrine and neural components, and have

minor endocrine components.

 Define hormone and name its main characteristics. Classify hormones based on

their chemical structures.

 Explain why only the target cells are sensitive to the hormonal stimulation. Give

examples of effects in target cells induced by this stimulation.

 Name mechanisms of action by which hormones stimulate target cells. What

properties of hormones determine whether they stimulate intracellular or surface

receptors?

 Explain tyrosin kinase mechanism of action (bypassing 2nd messenger). Give

examples of hormones that act that way.

 Explain 2nd messenger mechanism of action. What is the role of cAMP? Give

examples of hormones that act that way.

 Explain PIP/calcium mechanism of action (3rd messenger). What substances act

as 2nd and third messengers? Give examples of hormones that act that way.

 Explain intracellular receptor stimulation mechanism of action (gene stimulation).

Give examples of hormones that act that way.

 Name factors that determine strength of physiological response caused by

hormone.

 List the three ways the body regulates hormonal production. Explain humoral,

neural and hormonal regulations of hormone production. Compare negative and

positive feedback mechanisms. Give examples of hormones in each category.

 Explain the types of hormone interaction at the target cells.

 Name an endocrine gland responsible for neural regulation of endocrine system.

Explain how releasing and inhibiting factors regulate hypophyseal activity

(hypothalamo-pituitary axis). List hormones of hypothalamus* and their effects

on pituitary gland.

 Recall anatomy of pituitary gland and hypophyseal portal system. Explore the

differences between neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis.

 List hormones of anterior pituitary* and explain their role in regulation of

endocrine system. What abnormalities result from inadequate production of these

hormones? Based on the function of these hormones, predict the symptoms in

patients with these abnormalities.

BIO 231 Dr. Tanya McVay

 List hormones of posterior pituitary*. Describe the role of oxytocin during labor

and milk ejection. Explain why the production of oxytocin* increases during/

after labor. Explain the role of ADH in fluid/electrolyte balance. What

abnormalities result from inadequate production of this hormone? Apply your

knowledge of effects of ADH on target cells to predict symptoms in patients with

inadequate production of this hormone.

 Explore anatomy of thyroid gland. List three hormones* produced there. Explain

how thyroid hormones (T3, T4) are produced and regulate metabolic rates in the

body. Apply your knowledge of effects of thyroid hormones on target cells to

predict symptoms in patients with inadequate production of these hormones.

What are these abnormalities?

 Explain the role of calcitonin* and parathyroid* hormone in regulation of calcium

blood concentration. Predict the outcomes for the patient with

hypoparathyroidism.

 Explore gross and microscopic anatomy of adrenal gland. List three zones of

adrenal cortex and give examples of hormones* produced there. What is the role

of aldosterone* in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance? Apply you

knowledge of aldosterone’s function to explain symptoms of Conn’s syndrome.

 Explain the circadian rhythms in production of cortisol*. Apply you knowledge of

hormone’s effects to explain symptoms of Addison’s and Cushing’s syndrome.

 Explain how hormones of adrenal medulla* help body to cope with stress. What

abnormality results from overproduction of these hormones?

 Explore gross and microscopic anatomy of pancreas. Compare hormones to

enzymes produces there. List hormones of the pancreas*. Recall the normal

fasting level of blood glucose and explain how insulin* and glucagon* maintain

this concentration. Relate insulin insufficiency to diabetes type I and II. What are

the symptoms in patients with this disorder and how do they relate to insulin

function? What preventative measures can be taken by diabetic patients and

people at risk?

 List minor endocrine glands, their hormones and major effects on the body.