Alright, so let's admit it, I'm terrible at getting these done earlier in the week allowing for more study time, but since I'm not sure anyone is reading this anyway then I'll try not to worry about it... until someone yells at me in the hallway...
18. List the components and functions of limbic system. Explain how it interacts with
the cerebral cortex.
Components won't be tested on so ha! These are mostly covered in question 19 though.
It is functionally strongly tied to our emotions. How we interpret and store emotions come from here.
The interpretation is an active process that filters how we perceive everything, adding emotional tags to our current stimuli and making us aware of the "emotional richness" in our lives.
19. Describe the location and function of cingulate gyrus, amygdala, and
hippocampus. Compare and give examples of two categories of memory. Which
one has short-term and long-term components? List strategies proven effective to
convert short-term into long-term memory. What brain regions are involved in
skill and fact memory? Describe mechanism of new memory formation.
Cingulate- helps us recognize gestures and faces
Amygdala- processes fear/anger primarily among other emotions
Hippo- important in converting new memories into long-term ones
Two categories of memory-
Sorry, I don't have this info at the moment.
This is actually covered later in the chapter that she has not yet reached, so not going to worry about it too much. Just a little past the part about sleep gives some info about memory.
20. List two components of reticular formation. What are their roles?
The three nuclei associated are the raphe, medial group, and lateral group.
They are there to filter out weak stimuli (roughly 99% of all stimuli).
Cerebral cortex also helps by keeping us conscious and alert by continuously pulsing our brain.
All members associated are the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
21. Define consciousness. List clinical levels of consciousness.
Consciousness is mainly measured by perception/sensation, voluntary movement, and higher mental processes. A person can be alert, drowsy ("lethargic"), in a stupor, or in a coma (which is also marked by a decrease in oxygen intake).
22. Explain how the brain waves are generated and recorded. Describe different
types of brainwaves. What are the changes observed in epilepsy?
Brain waves come from electric activities. Electroencephalographs (EEGs) track this electric activity.
Four types of brainwaves:
1. Alpha- relaxed and conscious, "idling"
2. Beta- alert, mentally active
3. Theta- seen in children, more irregular brain pattern
4. Delta- typically indicates deep sleep, may also show brain damage
Epilepsy results in uncontrollable muscle movement and jerking, can also cause loss of consciousness. Caused by a mishap in brain chemistry/electric impulses.
23. Name two stages of sleep and explain physiological changes observed during
these stages. What are the roles of ascending reticular activating system and locus
coeruleus in regulation of motor and sensory activity during sleep?
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) make up the different parts of sleep. REM is the light sleep experienced first before a person enters the deep sleep of NREM. A person will go between the two throughout a nights sleep, generally going through the NREM during the first half of the night and then slowly come back up through the four stages towards wakefulness as the time to wake up approaches.
During REM a person is more prone to waking, dreams, and is paralyzed by the body's own mechanisms.
NREM is considered the restorative part of sleep, and is generally harder to wake a person from. Brain is in power-down mode.
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