Pancreas and Minor Endocrine Glands

Ok so since the final is tomorrow I guess that I should start putting up the other sections!

 Explore gross and microscopic anatomy of pancreas. Compare hormones to

enzymes produces there. List hormones of the pancreas*. Recall the normal

fasting level of blood glucose and explain how insulin* and glucagon* maintain

this concentration. Relate insulin insufficiency to diabetes type I and II. What are

the symptoms in patients with this disorder and how do they relate to insulin

function? What preventative measures can be taken by diabetic patients and

people at risk?

Anatomy- because the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands it has both types of setup on the microscopic level. The outside of cell groups are exocrine, that all circle/focus around a central canal that they disperse their hormones into. The middle area, aka the Islets of Langerhans, is an endocrine area.

Hormones of pancreas:

     Glucagon- raises blood sugar levels. Breaks down glycogen, fatty acids and fat into sugar. Acts on 2nd messenger (cAMP).

     Insulin- "Store fuel for later." Activates tyrosine kinase in cells that makes them increase glucose uptake, increase glycogen synthesis, increase ATP amounts from glucose, increase amino acid uptake and protein production, and increase fat production.

     Somatostatin- an inhibitory hormone

     Pancreatic polypeptide- self regulate the pancreas secretion activities

Normal fasting sugar level- 80mg/dL

Insulin and glucagon maintain homeostasis through humoral regulation. Not much more to say on that...

Diabetes mellitus- lack of insulin production, forcing body to use fatty acids as food. Manifests in frequent peeing, sugary urine, constant thirst, and constant hunger. All of this is because the body cannot hold onto sugars.

     Type 1- autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B cells (the insulin producers)

     Type 2- abnormal insulin that is either not recognized or is destroyed by immune system

Preventative measures: lose weight (most important since obesity and diabetes work together well) by eating healthy and exercising. Remind them that they have the power to keep their diabetes under control and the horrible things that can happen if they don't :D

 List minor endocrine glands, their hormones and major effects on the body.

The only list I could find to address this is under the heading, General Organization of the Endocrine System (Unit IV Lec. I). If there are more please let me know.

Adipose tissue- lipton (appetite control) and resistin (controls energy homeostasis)

Intestinal wall- cholecystokinin (triggered by fats, tells gallbladder to release digestive enzymes)

Stomach- gastrin (stimulates gastric acid production), histamine (triggers inflammatory response), endorphins (happy drug), serotonin (another happy hormone), cholecystokinin (fat digestion), and somatostatin (inhibitory hormone)

Kidney- erythropoietin (red blood cell production) and calcitriol (tells body to absorb calcium and put it in the blood)

Heart- Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain type natriuretic peptide both lower blood pressure

I'm pretty sure she said that we only have to know the main one but since she didn't have the "most important one" in her notes I covered all of them.